Predicting future translations

ABSTRACT

Technology is disclosed for snippet pre-translation and dynamic selection of translation systems. Pre-translation uses snippet attributes such as characteristics of a snippet author, snippet topics, snippet context, expected snippet viewers, etc., to predict how many translation requests for the snippet are likely to be received. An appropriate translator can be dynamically selected to produce a translation of a snippet either as a result of the snippet being selected for pre-translation or from another trigger, such as a user requesting a translation of the snippet. Different translators can generate high quality translations after a period of time or other translators can generate lower quality translations earlier. Dynamic selection of translators involves dynamically selecting machine or human translation, e.g., based on a quality of translation that is desired. Translations can be improved over time by employing better machine or human translators, such as when a snippet is identified as being more popular.

BACKGROUND

The Internet has made it possible for people to connect and share information globally in ways previously undreamt of. Social media platforms, for example, enable people on opposite sides of the world to collaborate on ideas, discuss current events, or simply share what they had for lunch. The amount of content generated through such social media technologies and the load on these systems are staggering. It is common for social media providers to operate databases with petabytes of media items, while leading providers are already looking toward technology to handle exabytes of data. Furthermore, millions of users across the globe enjoy the ability to simultaneously interact with content on social media websites. One popular social media website, for example, has over a billion active users that spend a total of over ten million hours each month interacting with the website. These users can often produce hundreds of millions of content posts each day. When users access such websites, the social media website can select content such as other users' posts, news feeds, event notifications, and advertisements to display to the users.

Despite this complexity, the transition from one page to the next within a social networking website appears simple to end users, and unless this page retrieval process occurs with no perceptible delays, users may lose patience and simply navigate to a different website. In addition, providing content that users find relevant increases the chances that users will interact with those content items and that they will return to the website in the future. For example, being able provide quick and accurate translations of content originally written in a different source language increases users access to both content and other users, and thus their overall enjoyment of a social media system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an overview of devices on which some implementations of the disclosed technology can operate.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an overview of an environment in which some implementations of the disclosed technology can operate.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating components which, in some implementations, can be used in a system employing the disclosed technology.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a process used in some implementations for selecting snippets to pre-translate.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a process used in some implementations for computing a pre-translation score for a selected snippet.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a process used in some implementations for need-based selection of translation methods.

The techniques introduced here may be better understood by referring to the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate identical or functionally similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Translation technology for selecting language snippets to pre-translate based on translation requirements and for selecting processes for performing translations based on when the translation will be needed are described herein. Selecting language snippets to pre-translate and selecting methods of translation can improve the speed and quality of translations while decreasing the cost. For example, in a social media website that performs millions of translations per day, the disclosed translation technology can improve the response time for translation requests by predicting that translation requests will occur and having translation content already prepared. Furthermore, translation requests that are predicted ahead of time can be performed at less costly off-peak times. In addition, a translation that is identified as not being needed immediately can be translated using slower but more accurate techniques.

A “language snippet” or “snippet,” as used herein, is a digital representation including one or more words or character groups. A snippet can be a representation of a content item or language from a content item (e.g., one or more images, videos, or audio files), language from or associated with a content item, or any other context or metadata associated with the content item (e.g., object, location, or person identification; image, video, or audio characteristics; structured data provided by an originator of the content item; or any other information associated with the content item). While the description below refers to snippets when performing natural language processing on content items, other language formats can be used, such as audio or video language representations.

Pre-translation of a snippet can include translating the snippet from a source language into one or more output languages prior to an actual request for the translation. Such pre-translations can occur, for example, at the time the snippet is created or when the snippet is identified as likely to be translated a threshold amount. Additional details regarding selecting snippets for pre-translation are provided below in relation to FIG. 4. When determining which snippets to pre-translate, a pre-translation system can assign a score to a snippet based on translation likelihood factors such as popularity, a likely audience, length, characteristics of an author of the snippet, etc. Additional details regarding computing pre-translation scores for a snippet are provided below in relation to FIG. 5.

Once a snippet has been selected for translation, a translation system can examine expected time factors to select a method of translation that balances quality and timeliness. The translation system can examine time factors that indicate when, if, and how frequently translation requests for a snippet are likely to occur. The translation system can compare these factors to the processing requirements of various translation methods to select a method to use in translating the snippet. As these conditions change, such as when the end of a likely time period is approaching or a content item's popularity increases, this analysis can be recomputed to determine whether to re-translate the content item with a higher accuracy translation method. Additional details regarding selecting translation methods are provided below in relation to FIG. 6.

Several implementations of the described technology are discussed below in more detail in reference to the figures. Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an overview of devices 100 on which some implementations of the disclosed technology may operate. The devices can comprise hardware components of a device 100 that can determine whether a pre-translation of a snippet should be performed or how snippet translations are to be performed. Device 100 can include one or more input devices 120 that provide input to the CPU (processor) 110, notifying it of actions. The actions are typically mediated by a hardware controller that interprets the signals received from the input device and communicates the information to the CPU 110 using a communication protocol. Input devices 120 include, for example, a mouse, a keyboard, a touchscreen, an infrared sensor, a touchpad, a wearable input device, a camera- or image-based input device, a microphone, or other user input devices.

CPU 110 can be a single processing unit or multiple processing units in a device or distributed across multiple devices. CPU 110 can be coupled to other hardware devices, for example, with the use of a bus, such as a PCI bus or SCSI bus. The CPU 110 can communicate with a hardware controller for devices, such as for a display 130. Display 130 can be used to display text and graphics. In some examples, display 130 provides graphical and textual visual feedback to a user. In some implementations, display 130 includes the input device as part of the display, such as when the input device is a touchscreen or is equipped with an eye direction monitoring system. In some implementations, the display is separate from the input device. Examples of display devices are: an LCD display screen, an LED display screen, a projected, holographic, or augmented reality display (such as a heads-up display device or a head-mounted device), and so on. Other I/O devices 140 can also be coupled to the processor, such as a network card, video card, audio card, USB, firewire or other external device, camera, printer, speakers, CD-ROM drive, DVD drive, disk drive, or Blu-Ray device.

In some implementations, the device 100 also includes a communication device capable of communicating wirelessly or wire-based with a network node. The communication device can communicate with another device or a server through a network using, for example, TCP/IP protocols. Device 100 can utilize the communication device to distribute operations across multiple network devices.

The CPU 110 can have access to a memory 150. A memory includes one or more of various hardware devices for volatile and non-volatile storage, and can include both read-only and writable memory. For example, a memory can comprise random access memory (RAM), CPU registers, read-only memory (ROM), and writable non-volatile memory, such as flash memory, hard drives, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic storage devices, tape drives, device buffers, and so forth. A memory is not a propagating signal divorced from underlying hardware; a memory is thus non-transitory. Memory 150 can include program memory 160 that stores programs and software, such as an operating system 162, translation systems 164, or other application programs 166. Memory 150 can also include data memory 170 that can include snippets, threshold values, translation engines, score weighting factors, timing factors, configuration data, settings, user options or preferences, etc. which can be provided to the program memory 160 or any element of the device 100.

The disclosed technology can be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the technology include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, handheld or laptop devices, cellular telephones, wearable electronics, tablet devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set-top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, or the like.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an overview of an environment 200 in which some implementations of the disclosed technology may operate. Environment 200 can include one or more client computing devices 205A-D, examples of which can include device 100. Client computing devices 205 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections 210 through network 230 to one or more remote computers such as a server computing device.

In some implementations, server 210 can be an edge server which receives client requests and coordinates fulfillment of those requests through other servers, such as servers 220A-C. Server computing devices 210 and 220 can comprise computing systems, such as device 100. Though each server computing device 210 and 220 is displayed logically as a single server, server computing devices can each be a distributed computing environment encompassing multiple computing devices located at the same or at geographically disparate physical locations. In some implementations, each server 220 corresponds to a group of servers.

Client computing devices 205 and server computing devices 210 and 220 can each act as a server or client to other server/client devices. Server 210 can connect to a database 215. Servers 220A-C can each connect to a corresponding database 225A-C. As discussed above, each server 220 can correspond to a group of servers, and each of these servers can share a database or can have their own database. Databases 215 and 225 can warehouse (e.g. store) information such as snippets, threshold values, translation engines, score weighting factors, timing factors, configuration data, settings, user options or preferences, etc. Though databases 215 and 225 are displayed logically as single units, databases 215 and 225 can each be a distributed computing environment encompassing multiple computing devices, can be located within their corresponding server, or can be located at the same or at geographically disparate physical locations.

Network 230 can be a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), but can also be other wired or wireless networks. Network 230 may be the Internet or some other public or private network. Client computing devices 205 can be connected to network 230 through a network interface, such as by wired or wireless communication. While the connections between server 210 and servers 220 are shown as separate connections, these connections can be any kind of local, wide area, wired, or wireless network, including network 230 or a separate public or private network.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating components 300 which, in some implementations, can be used in a system implementing the disclosed technology. The components 300 include hardware 302, general software 320, and specialized components 340. As discussed above, a system implementing the disclosed technology can use various hardware including central processing units 304, working memory 306, storage memory 308, and input and output devices 310. Components 300 can be implemented in a client computing device such as client computing devices 205 or on a server computing device, such as server computing device 210 or 220.

General software 320 can include various applications including an operating system 322, local programs 324, and a BIOS 326. Specialized components 340 can be subcomponents of a general software application 320, such as local programs 324. Specialized components 340 can include pre-translator 344, pre-translation scorer 346, translators 348, translation timer 350, translator selector 352, and components which can be used for transferring data and controlling the specialized components, such as interface 342. In some implementations, components 300 can be in a computing system that is distributed across multiple computing devices or can include an interface to a server-based application.

Pre-translator 344 can be configured to receive snippets which may need to be pre-translated, such as through interface 342. Pre-translator 344 can obtain a score for receive snippets, such as using pre-translation scorer 346. In some implementations, multiple scores can be obtained for a snippet corresponding to multiple possible output languages or possible users. When one of these scores is above a threshold value, indicating the likelihood of a request for a translation of the snippet, or a number of requests for translations of the snippet, is sufficiently high, pre-translator 344 can obtain one or more translations of the snippet, such as by using translators 348. The obtained pre-translation can be returned through interface 342.

Pre-translation scorer 346 can be configured to determine translation likelihood factors for a received snippet and compute one or more scores based on the translation likelihood factors. In various implementations, the translation likelihood factors can include one or more of: characteristics identified for an author of the snippet, one of more topics identified in the snippet, a likely audience of the snippet, users who have engaged with the snippet thus far, snippet length, snippet source language, snippet rating, a likely amount of time before a translation of the snippet is needed, or any combination thereof.

In some implementations, characteristics identified for an author of the snippet can include one or more of: a language an author is identified as being facile with, an author's age, an author's gender, a location associated with an author, an occupation of an author, an education level of an author, a number of friends of an author, friends of an author who speak a language other than the language spoken by the author, etc. In some implementations, posts with specified topics can be selected for pre-translation based on those topics being identified as generally popular, popular within a particular geographic area or language speaking group, popular within a particular age range of users, etc. In some implementations, a likely audience of the snippet can be determined based on a historical audience for: snippets with the same or similar author, snippets with similar topics, snippets created for a similar virtual location, etc. In some implementations, factors relating to users who have engaged with the snippet thus far can include a total number of users who have viewed the snippet, a total number of translation requests for the snippet, an amount of time the snippet has been viewable, a number of interactions with the snippet such as “likes” or “follows,” particular users viewing or otherwise interacting with the snippet who have been identified as predictive of future trends or trend setters, etc. In some implementations, a user can “like” a content item including one or more snippets by actuating a control associated with the content item.

In some implementations, a snippet rating can be based on where in a list of comments the snippet will, or is likely, to appear, which can be determined for particular users or for users generally. In some implementations, a likely amount of time before a translation is needed can be based on factors such as when users who are likely to request a translation of the snippet are likely to interact with a system that provides translations of the snippet. For example, a social media website can determine that a snippet is likely to be translated into German. That social media website can also determine that most users who speak German access that social media website during a particular timeframe when Germanic countries are awake. In this example, the timing translation factor can be low when a current time is relatively far from the time users in Germanic countries are likely to access the social media website, i.e., pre-translation is not immediately needed. Additional details regarding computing timing factors for a snippet are given below in relation to translation timer 350.

In some implementations, pre-translation scorer 346 can score a snippet multiple times as factors affecting the snippet's score(s) change. For example, as different topics are identified as popular or “trending,” or as the time draws closer to when translations of a snippet are expected to be needed, scores indicating whether a pre-translation of the snippet should be performed can be recomputed.

Translators 348 can be configured to provide a translation of a snippet. Translators 348 can include various machine translation engines or interfaces for human translators to perform a translation of a snippet. In some implementations, translators 348 can be associated with quality values indicating reliability of a translator at producing a translation of a snippet from a source language to an output language. In some implementations, the quality of a translation produced by a translator is inversely proportional to an amount of time required for the translation to be performed. In some implementations, human translators provide the highest quality translations and multiple human translators can have different quality ratings or can have different quality ratings based on an area or topic of specialty of that human translator. Multiple machine translation engines can be included in translators 348 that perform different amounts of processing and different methods of processing on a snippet to produce different quality translations.

In some implementations, translators 348 can be associated with timing values. In various implementations, these timing values can indicate an expected amount of time a corresponding translator will take to perform a translation of a snippet or a speed with which the corresponding translator is expected to perform translations. This timing value can indicate how long it can take to translate an average sized snippet with the corresponding translator or can be a value indicating how long the translator can take to translate a portion of a snippet, such as a single word or the average per-character translation time, which can be multiplied by the number of words or characters in a snippet. Timing values can be based on a record of translations performed by a particular translator, such as by benchmarking tests for a machine translation engine or typical translation times for a human translator. These values can also be set by a human, such as when a human translator provides translation time estimates or guarantees.

Translation timer 350 can be configured to compute an amount of time before a translation of a snippet is needed. This amount can be an estimated amount of time before a first translation of the snippet is requested, an estimated amount of time before a peak number of translations are requested, or an established amount of time before a threshold amount or frequency of translations are requested. This amount of time value can be based on a determination of a likely audience of a snippet. This amount of time value can also be based on languages associated with the likely audience, geographical locations of the likely audience, typical login times identified for a particular audience, etc.

Translator selector 352 can be configured to select one of translators 348 to perform a translation of a snippet received through interface 342. In some implementations, translator selector 352 can accomplish this by determining whether a human or machine translation will be performed. This determination can be based on a comparison between an amount of time value provided by translation timer 350 and performance metrics associated with various of translators 348 to determine whether there is sufficient time available for a human translation of the snippet. In addition, in some implementations, this determination can be based on a score for the snippet determined by pre-translation scorer 346 indicating whether the need for translations of the snippet justifies the cost of performing human translation of the snippet. If translator selector 352 determines that the snippet should be sent to a human translator this can be accomplished using one of the translators of 348 as an interface to the human translator. The individual human translator can be selected by choosing a translator that, based on a corresponding timing value, can perform the translation before the time value provided by translation timer 350 expires. This choosing can also be based on specialties identified for particular human translators, such as by matching snippets with a particular topic or in a particular area to a translator specialized in that topic or area.

If translator selector 352 determines that the snippet should be translated with a machine translator of translators 348, a machine translator engine can be chosen based on the machine translator engine performance metrics (i.e., timing and quality scores). This choosing can include a comparison between an amount of time value provided by translation timer 350 and timing values associated with various machine translation engines. In some implementations, this choosing can be performed by balancing (A) a desired quality for the translation, corresponding to a likely amount of translations that will be required for the received snippet, represented by a score for the snippet determined by pre-translation scorer 346 with (B) the cost required for the translation, corresponding to an amount of processing required for a machine translation engine represented by a quality score for the machine translation engine.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the components illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 described above, and in each of the flow diagrams discussed below, may be altered in a variety of ways. For example, the order of the logic may be rearranged, substeps may be performed in parallel, illustrated logic may be omitted, other logic may be included, etc.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 400 used in some implementations for selecting snippets to pre-translate. Process 400 begins at block 402 and continues to block 404. At block 404, process 400 can receive a snippet as a potential item for pre-translation. In some implementations, process 400 is performed for a social media website. In various implementations, the snippet can be from a user post to the social media website, a comment on another social media item, a news item, an event, etc. In some implementations where the snippet is from one of multiple comments on another social media item, process 400 can be performed for all comments or for only top ranked comments, which can be comments which are top ranked for all users or for individual users.

At block 406, process 400 can compute a score for the snippet received at block 404. This score can indicate how likely the received snippet is to be translated at least once or translated a threshold amount. This score can be computed by determining translation likelihood factors for the snippet such as snippet author characteristics, user engagement, likely audience, etc.; computing weighting values for the determined translation likelihood factors; and computing a combined score for the snippet using the weighting values. In some implementations, multiple scores can be computed at block 406. For example, process 400 can compute a score corresponding to different potential output languages for the translation of a snippet. Additional details regarding computing a snippet score are provided below in relation to FIG. 5.

At block 408, process 400 can compare the score computed at block 406 with a threshold. In some implementations where different scores are computed at block 406, each score can be compared to the threshold or to a threshold corresponding to each output language. In some implementations, the loop between blocks 408-410 can be repeated for each score computed at block 406.

If at block 408, the score is determined to be less than the threshold, process 400 determines that the snippet received at block 404 will not be pre-translated and continues to block 412. If at block 408, the score is determined to be more than the threshold, process 400 determines that the snippet received at block 404 will be pre-translated and continues to block 410, wherein translations of the snippet can be obtained. Obtaining a translation of the snippet can include selecting a translation method for the snippet based on an estimation of when translations of the snippet will be needed and a balance between translation cost and quality. Based on the timing and quality/cost factors, a translation method can be selected from among one or more human translators or machine translation engines that can perform translations within different timeframes, at different quality levels, and at different costs. Additional details regarding selecting a translation method for a snippet are provided below in relation to FIG. 6.

Process 400 then continues to block 412, where it ends. Process 400 can be performed multiple times for the same snippet as pre-translation likelihood factors change. For example, a snippet can be re-classified to be pre-translated as translation factors change such as the number of users who view or interact with the snippet.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 500 used in some implementations for computing a pre-translation score for a selected snippet. Process 500 begins at block 502 and continues to block 504. At block 504, process 500 can receive a snippet. In some implementations, process 500 can be performed as a sub-process of process 400 where the snippet received at block 504 is the snippet received at block 404. In some implementations, process 500 can be performed independently of process 400.

At block 506, process 500 can determine which of several translation likelihood factors apply to the snippet received at block 504. Translation likelihood factors can be factors that indicate how many translations of the snippet will be requested or how urgent it is to perform those translations. In various implementations, translation likelihood factors can be selected based on: a predefined set of factors to use for computing a translation score, whether information relevant to a translation likelihood factor is available for the receipt snippet, an analysis of the snippet to determine which factors will provide the most accurate translation likelihood scores, etc. In various implementations, translation likelihood factors can include one or more of: characteristics identified for an author of the snippet, characteristics about the content of the snippet, a likely or expected audience of the snippet, user engagement with the snippet thus far, when the snippet was created, snippet source language, snippet rating, a likely amount of time before a translation is needed, a virtual location where the snippet is posted or created, or any combination thereof.

In some implementations, characteristics identified for an author of the snippet can include one or more of: languages an author is identified as being facile with, an author's age, an author's gender, locations associated with an author, technology identified as being used by an author, content items the author has historically viewed or interacted with, occupation of an author, education level of an author, number of friends of an author, friends of an author who speak a language other than the language spoken by the author, etc. In some implementations, characteristics about the content of the snippet can include an identified topic or area of interest of the snippet, whether an identified topic or area of interest of the snippet is trending, snippet length, an language or dialect identified as the source the snippet was written in, types of words or slang used, etc.

In some implementations, a likely audience of the snippet can be determined using historical viewership for snippets with similar topics or areas of interest, similar authors, similar virtual locations where the snippet originated, etc. In some implementations, characteristics of the likely audience can include audience gender, age, location, language, size, job, friends, education level, etc. In some implementations, characteristics of users who have engaged with the snippet thus far can include a total number of users, a total number of translation requests, an amount of time viewed, a number of interactions such as “likes” or “follows,” etc. In some implementations, a snippet can receive a rating, based on where in a list of comments the snippet will appear, which can be used to compute the snippet score. The snippet rating can be determined for particular users or for users generally. In some implementations, a likely amount of time before a translation is needed can be based on factors such as when users who are likely to request a translation of the snippet are likely to interact with a system that provides translations of the snippet.

In some implementations, the translation likelihood factors determined at block 506 can be general across all users. In some implementations, the translation likelihood factors determined at block 506 can be specific to a particular user who is expected to request a translation or to a particular type of viewing user. For example, process 500 can be performed for a particular viewing user, and the likelihood factors can be determined in relation to whether it is likely that user will request a translation, such as whether the user is determined to have an interested in a topic identified in the snippet.

In some implementations, process 500 can be performed multiple times for a single snippet for different potential output languages. The determined translation likelihood factors can be different for different output languages. For example, the likely audience in one output language can be different for one output language than for another. As a more specific example, a post to a virtual location associated with escargot can be determined to have a higher audience for a likely French speaking audience than an audience associated with German.

At block 508, process 500 can combine values associated with the translation likelihood factors determined at block 506 to compute a score for the received snippet. In some implementations, a value corresponding to a determined likelihood factor can be a set value for whether that factor applies to a snippet. For example, a binary translation likelihood factor, such as whether there have been at least 100 k views of the snippet, when true, can have a defined value such as 30. In some implementations, a value corresponding to a determined likelihood factor can be a value in a range corresponding to how strongly that factor applies to the received snippet. For example, a translation likelihood factor of friends of a snippet author who speak a language other than the language spoken by the author can be a value in the range between 1 and 100. This value could be, for example, the percentage of the author's friends who speak a language other than the language spoken by the author or a value originated as the total count of this type of author's friends which is normalized into a range. In some implementations, such a value can be computed as a formula. Continuing the previous example, the formula could be ⅓ times the number of friends of the author who speak a language other than the language spoken by the author. So if the number of this type of friend is 45, the value corresponding to this translation likelihood factor can be 15.

In various implementations, the score for the received snippet can be: a sum of the values corresponding to the determined translation likelihood factors, an average of the values corresponding to the determined translation likelihood factors, a modification of a base value where the values corresponding to the determined likelihood translation factors are used as weighting values, or the result of another formula that places different emphasis on different of the values corresponding to the determined translation likelihood factors. At block 510, process 500 can return the score or scores computed at block 508. Process 500 then continues to block 512, where it ends.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 600 used in some implementations for need-based selection of translation methods. Process 600 begins at block 602 and continues to block 604. At block 604, process 600 can receive a snippet. In some implementations, process 600 can be performed as a sub-process of process 400, in which case the snippet received at block 604 is the snippet received at block 404. In some implementations, process 600 can be performed independently of process 400. In some implementations, the received snippet can be associated with a score, such as the score computed at block 406.

At block 606, process 600 can determine an output language or languages for the received snippet. In some implementations, the determined output language can be determined from a translation request. In some implementations, such as where the received snippet is being pre-translated, the output languages can be determined based on a likely audience or can be the output languages for which a score was determined to be above a threshold at block 408.

At block 608, process 600 can compute an expected amount of time remaining before a translation is needed. In various implementations, this amount of time can be an amount of time before a first translation request is expected, an amount of time before a peak number of translation requests are received, or an amount of time before a threshold number of translation requests are received. The expected amount of time computed in block 608 can account for expected translation requests by a determined likely audience. For example, a determined likely audience can be associated with a particular location that typically makes translation requests through a social media system at a particular time of day, e.g., when the workday in that particular location ends, or typically does not use the social media system at other times of day, e.g., when users in this location are typically asleep. In some implementations, the amount of time remaining before a translation is needed can be based on a determined acceptable response time to a translation request. For example, a translation request can have been received 10 ms ago, and a determined acceptable response time for translation requests can be 25 ms; in this example, the computed time before a translation is needed would be 15 ms.

At block 610, process 600 can determine whether to use a machine translation engine to perform a translation of the received snippet. This determination can be based on a comparison between the time amount computed at block 608 and a speed or an expected amount of time required for a human translation of the received snippet, i.e. a “performance metric.” In various implementations, the speed or expected amount of time required for human translation can be based on factors such as: historically how much time has been required for human translations to be performed generally, estimates from human translators for how long it will take for translations to be performed, guarantees from human translators to deliver translations within a particular timeframe, a current queue for human translation requests, a current throughput for human translators, a number of currently available human translators, etc. In various implementations, these factors can be for snippets generally or based on snippet length. In various implementations, these factors can be determined for all available human translators or for a subset of human translators that are specialized in a particular topic or area corresponding to a determined topic or area for the received snippet.

In some implementations, the determination of whether to perform a translation using a human translator or a machine translation engine can be based on a quality preference for the translation. In these implementations, various human translators and machine translation engines can be associated with a performance metric including a quality score indicating an expected quality provided by that method of translation. A quality preference for a translation can be based on factors such as an expected amount of translation requests for the snippet; a source of the snippet, i.e., snippets from some sources can be more critical to get correct than others; a topic of the snippet, i.e. a translation provider may have an interested in snippets with particular topics receiving enhanced translations; etc.

Process 600 can perform the determination at block 610 for selecting a translation using a machine translation engine or a human translator by balancing an amount of time before an expected need for the translation expires and a preferred quality (or cost) of translation methods. For example, if a snippet is associated with a high score from block 406, indicating, for example, that the snippet it will receive many translation requests or that the translation is part of a high-traffic webpage, this can indicate that it is worth paying a higher cost for a higher quality translation. This quality/cost can be balanced against a determination that the snippet will be needed very soon and thus should be performed by a lower quality but faster translation system. In some implementations, process 600 can determine that multiple types of translations should be applied for the same snippet. A higher quality translation system can be selected for a final translation of the snippet, but a faster, lower-quality transition system can be applied to respond to translation requests that arrive before the higher quality translation is complete.

If process 600 determines at block 610 that a human translation should be obtained, process 600 continues to block 616. At block 616, process 600 can obtain a human translation of the received snippet. Obtaining a human translation can comprise sending the received snippet to a human translator. In some implementations, a human translator can be selected based on a specialty corresponding to the snippet, such as by topic, author, source language, virtual location.

If process 600 determines at block 610 that a translation should be obtained using a machine translation engine, process 600 continues to block 612. At block 612, process 600 can select a machine translation engine for the received snippet. Similarly to block 610, process 600 can further compare factors such as a number of expected translation requests, a preferred quality for the translation, an expected amount of time before the translation is needed, etc., to select a machine translation engine that has a performance metric indicating it is expected to provide a translation with sufficient quality within an acceptable amount of time. Also as discussed above in relation to block 610, multiple machine translation engines can be selected to provide lower quality quick translations while waiting for higher-quality translations to be completed. In some implementations, multiple machine translation engines can be selected to generate translations in different output languages. In some implementations, block 610 can be combined with block 612 such that distinctions are not made between selecting a human translator or machine translation engine.

At block 614, process 600 can perform translations of the received snippet using the machine translation engines selected at block 612. At block 618, the translations attained at block 614 or at block 616 can be returned. Process 600 then proceeds to block 620 where it ends. Process 600 can be performed multiple times for the same snippet as quality or estimated timing factors change. For example, a snippet can be re-classified for a higher quality translation when a number of users who view or interact with the snippet increases or a topic associated with the snippet is determined to be trending.

Several implementations of the disclosed technology are described above in reference to the figures. The computing devices on which the described technology may be implemented can include one or more central processing units, memory, input devices (e.g., keyboard and pointing devices), output devices (e.g., display devices), storage devices (e.g., disk drives), and network devices (e.g., network interfaces). The memory and storage devices are computer-readable storage media that can store instructions that implement at least portions of the described technology. In addition, the data structures and message structures can be stored or transmitted via a data transmission medium, such as a signal on a communications link. Various communications links can be used, such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or a point-to-point dial-up connection. Thus, computer-readable media can comprise computer-readable storage media (e.g., “non-transitory” media) and computer-readable transmission media.

As used herein, being above a threshold means that a value for an item under comparison is above a specified other value, that an item under comparison is among a certain specified number of items with the largest value, or that an item under comparison has a value within a specified top percentage value. As used herein, being below a threshold means that a value for an item under comparison is below a specified other value, that an item under comparison is among a certain specified number of items with the smallest value, or that an item under comparison has a value within a specified bottom percentage value. As used herein, being within a threshold means that a value for an item under comparison is between two specified other values, that an item under comparison is among a middle specified number of items, or that an item under comparison has a value within a middle specified percentage range.

As used herein, a condition being “expected” or “likely” means that a value has been computed for the condition and the value computed for the condition is above a threshold value. As used herein, a first element is “similar” to a second element by virtue of values being assigned to the first and second elements and a comparison between these values indicates the difference is below a threshold level.

As used herein, the word “or” refers to any possible permutation of a set of items. For example, the phrase “A, B, or C” refers to at least one of A, B, C, or any combination thereof, such as any of: A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B, and C; or multiple of any item such as A and A; B, B, and C; A, A, B, C, and C; etc.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Specific embodiments and implementations have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but various modifications can be made without deviating from the scope of the embodiments and implementations. The specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims that follow. Accordingly, the embodiments and implementations are not limited except as by the appended claims.

Any patents, patent applications, and other references noted above are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further implementations. If statements or subject matter in a document incorporated by reference conflicts with statements or subject matter of this application, then this application shall control. 

We claim:
 1. A method for selecting a snippet for pre-translation comprising: receiving a potential snippet; computing a pre-translation score for the potential snippet by: selecting translation likelihood factors for the received potential snippet, wherein the selected translation likelihood factors are associated with corresponding values, the corresponding values computed as an estimation of an effect the corresponding translation likelihood factor will have on an amount of translations or time of translation of the potential snippet; and computing, as the pre-translation score, a combination of the values corresponding to the selected translation likelihood factors; determining that the pre-translation score is above a threshold; and in response to determining that the pre-translation score is above the threshold, identifying the potential snippet as a snippet that will be pre-translated.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise one or more of: characteristics of an author of the potential snippet; characteristics of content of the potential snippet; characteristics of an expected audience of the potential snippet; a measure of user engagement with the potential snippet thus far; an identification of when the potential snippet was created; an amount of time before a translation of the potential snippet is expected to be needed; a virtual location where the potential snippet is posted; or any combination thereof.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise the characteristics of the author of the potential snippet including one or more of: languages the author of the potential snippet is identified as being facile with; an age identified for the author of the potential snippet; a gender identified for the author of the potential snippet; one or more locations associated with the author of the potential snippet; an occupation identified for the author of the potential snippet; an education level identified for the author of the potential snippet; a number of friends of the author of the potential snippet; a number of friends of the author of the potential snippet who speak a language other than a language spoken by the author of the potential snippet; or any combination thereof.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise the characteristics of content of the potential snippet including one or more of: an identified topic or area of interest of the potential snippet; whether an identified topic or area of interest of the potential snippet is trending; a length of the potential snippet; a language identified as a source language of the potential snippet; or any combination thereof.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise the characteristics of the expected audience of the potential snippet, wherein the expected audience of the potential snippet is identified by determining historical viewership for one or more of: snippets with similar topics or areas of interest as the potential snippet; snippets with similar authors as the potential snippet; snippets posted to similar virtual locations as the potential snippet; or any combination thereof.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise the characteristics of the expected audience of the potential snippet including one or more of: gender makeup of the expected audience; age makeup of the expected audience; one or more locations associated with the expected audience; languages associated with the expected audience; a size of the expected audience; one or more jobs associated with the expected audience; friends of members of the expected audience; education level makeup of members of the expected audience; or any combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise a measure of user engagement with the potential snippet thus far, wherein the measure of user engagement is based on one or more of: a total number of viewers of the potential snippet; a total number of requests to translate the potential snippet; a number of users who have actuated a control displayed in association with the potential snippet; or any combination thereof.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise the amount of time before the translation of the potential snippet is expected to be needed, wherein the amount of time before the translation of the potential snippet is expected to be needed is determined based on a computation of when users who are determined likely to request a translation of the snippet are also determined likely to interact with a system that provides translations of the snippet.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the potential snippet is a second time the potential snippet is received; wherein the pre-translation score is a second pre-translation score; and wherein the method further comprises, prior to receiving the potential snippet the second time: receiving the potential snippet a first time; computing a first pre-translation score for the potential snippet; determining that the first pre-translation score is not above the threshold; and in response to determining that the first pre-translation score is not above the threshold, identifying the potential snippet as a snippet that will not be pre-translated.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first pre-translation score is computed as a lower score than the second pre-translation score based on computing the first pre-translation score for a first output language and computing the second a pre-translation score for a second output language, wherein the first output language and the second output language are different.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first pre-translation score is computed as a lower score than the second pre-translation score based on: computing the first pre-translation score for a first output language and computing the second a pre-translation score for a second output language, wherein the first output language and the second output language are the same; and (A) the values corresponding to the selected translation likelihood factors selected for the first pre-translation score being different from (B) the values corresponding to the selected translation likelihood factors selected for the second pre-translation score.
 12. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform operations for pre-translation of snippets, the operations comprising: receiving a potential snippet; computing a pre-translation score for the potential snippet based on a selection of translation likelihood factors for the potential snippet, wherein the selected translation likelihood factors are associated with corresponding values, the corresponding values computed as an estimation of an effect the corresponding translation likelihood factor will have on an amount of translations or time of translation of the potential snippet; and determining that the pre-translation score is above a threshold; in response to determining that the pre-translation score is above the threshold, performing a translation of the potential snippet.
 13. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise characteristics of an author of the potential snippet and/or characteristics of an expected audience of the potential snippet.
 14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise the characteristics of the expected audience of the potential snippet; and wherein the expected audience of the potential snippet is identified by determining historical viewership for snippets with similar topics or areas of interest as the potential snippet and/or snippets with similar authors as the potential snippet.
 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise characteristics of content of the potential snippet and/or a measure of user engagement with the potential snippet thus far.
 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise a measure of user engagement with the potential snippet thus far; and wherein the measure of user engagement is based on a total number of viewers of the potential snippet and/or a number of users who have actuated a control associated with the potential snippet.
 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the receiving the potential snippet is a second time the potential snippet is received; wherein the pre-translation score is a second pre-translation score; and wherein the operations further comprises, prior to receiving the potential snippet the second time: receiving the potential snippet a first time; computing a first pre-translation score for the potential snippet; determining that the first pre-translation score is not above the threshold; and in response to determining that the first pre-translation score is not above the threshold, identifying the potential snippet as a snippet that will not be pre-translated.
 18. A system for pre-translating snippets comprising: one or more processors; a memory; an interface configured to receive a potential snippet; a pre-translator configured to select one or more translation likelihood factors for the potential snippet, wherein selected translation likelihood factors are associated with corresponding values, the corresponding values computed as an estimation of an effect the corresponding translation likelihood factor will have on an amount of translations or time of translation of the potential snippet; a pre-translation scorer configured to compute a pre-translation score for the potential snippet based on translation likelihood factors selected by the pre-translator; wherein the pre-translator is further configured to determine that the pre-translation score is above a threshold; and one or more translators configured to, in response to the determining that the pre-translation score is above the threshold, perform a translation of the potential snippet.
 19. The system of claim 18 further comprising: a translation timer configured to compute an expected amount of time before a translation of the potential snippet is needed; and a translator selector configured to select the one or more translators to perform the translation of the potential snippet, wherein each selected one of the one or more translators are associated with a performance metric indicating a projected amount of time required to perform a translation by the selected one of the one or more translators; and wherein the selection of the one or more translators is based on a comparison between the expected amount of time before a translation of the potential snippet is needed and the performance metrics associated with the one or more translators.
 20. The system of claim 18 wherein the translation likelihood factors comprise one or more of: characteristics of an author of the potential snippet; characteristics of content of the potential snippet; characteristics of an expected audience of the potential snippet; or any combination thereof. 